Based on the Independent Continuous Mapping method (ICM), a topological optimization model with continuous topological variables is built by introducing three filter functions for element weight, element allowable stress and element stiffness, which transform the 0-1 type discrete topological variables into continuous topological variables between 0 and 1. Two methods for the filter functions are adopted to avoid the structural singularity and recover falsely deleted elements: the weak material element method and the tiny section element method. Three criteria (no structural singularity, no violated constraints and no change of structural weight) are introduced to judge iteration convergence. These criteria allow finding an appropriate threshold by adjusting a discount factor in the iteration procedure. To improve the efficiency, the original optimization model is transformed into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved in its dual space. By using MSC/Nastran as the structural solver and MSC/Patran as the developing platform, a topological optimization software of frame structures is accomplished. Numerical examples show that the ICM method is very efficient for the topological optimization of frame structures.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10472003) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (3042002) The English text was polished by Yunming Chen. 相似文献
The morphology of different ratio K/V catalysts supported on porous α‐alumina substrate was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Changes in the particle size distribution, pore size distribution were analyzed respectively using AFM software. In addition, their catalytic activities and compositions for carbon oxidation were studied by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and temperature‐programmed reactions (TPR). As a result, with the increase of K concentration, the mean particle size gradually increased and the mean pore size decreased. According to the catalytic activity studies, the catalytic activity of the KVO3 and K3V5O14 phases are more effective than KCl. 相似文献
Macrocystis pyrifera is one important marine macro-algae, while its residues produced by industrial alginate extraction is a hot potato. To figure out whether its residue is suitable for pyrolysis for biofuel, the pyrolytic characteristics and kinetics of macro-algae M. pyrifera residue was investigated using thermogravimetric method from 50 to 800 °C in an inert argon atmosphere at different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C min?1. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor was calculated by Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Popescu methods, and the kinetic mechanism was deduced by Popescu method. The results showed that the primary devolatilization stage of M. pyrifera residue can be described by Jander function $ \left(\left[ {1 - \left( {1 - \alpha } \right)^{1/3} } \right]^{2}\right) $. The average activation energy of M. pyrifera residue was 222.4 kJ mol?1. The results suggested that the experimental results and kinetic parameters provided useful information for the design of pyrolytic processing system using M. pyrifera residue as feedstock. 相似文献
We characterize the completeness and frame/basis property of a union of under-sampled windowed exponentials of the form
$$ {\mathcal{F}}(g): =\bigl\{ e^{2\pi i n x}: n\ge 0\bigr\} \cup \bigl\{ g(x)e^{2\pi i nx}: n< 0\bigr\} $$
for \(L^{2}[-1/2,1/2]\) by the spectra of the Toeplitz operators with the symbol \(g\). Using this characterization, we classify all real-valued functions \(g\) such that \({\mathcal{F}}(g)\) is complete or forms a frame/basis. Conversely, we use the classical non-harmonic Fourier series theory to determine all \(\xi \) such that the Toeplitz operators with the symbol \(e^{2\pi i \xi x}\) is injective or invertible. These results demonstrate an elegant interaction between frame theory of windowed exponentials and Toeplitz operators. Finally, we use our results to answer some open questions in dynamical sampling, and derivative samplings on Paley-Wiener spaces of bandlimited functions.
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Self-supporting porous Ni film with uniform honeycomb-like micropores and a thickness of up to 66 μm is electrodeposited by dynamic hydrogen... 相似文献